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Bubonic plague is one of three types of bacterial infection caused by ''Yersinia pestis''.〔 Three to seven days after exposure to the bacteria flu like symptoms develop. This includes fever, headaches, and vomiting.〔 Swollen and painful lymph nodes occur in the area closest to where the bacteria entered the skin.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Plague Symptoms )〕 Occasionally the swollen lymph nodes may break open.〔 The three types of plague are the result of the route of infection: bubonic plague, septicemic plague, and pneumonic plague. Bubonic plague is mainly spread by infected fleas from small animals.〔 It may also result from exposure to the body fluids from a dead plague infected animal.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Plague Ecology and Transmission )〕 In the bubonic form of plague, the bacteria enter through the skin through a flea bite and travels via the lymphatic vessels to a lymph node, causing it to swell. Diagnosis is by finding the bacteria in the blood, sputum, or fluid from lymph nodes.〔 Prevention is through public health measures such as not handling dead animals in areas where plague is common. Vaccines have not been found to be very useful for plague prevention.〔 Several antibiotics are effective for treatment including streptomycin, gentamicin, or doxycycline.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Plague Resources for Clinicians )〕 Without treatment it results in the death of 30% to 90% of those infected.〔〔 Death if it occurs is typically within ten days. With treatment the risk of death is around 10%.〔 Globally in 2013 there were about 750 documented cases which resulted in 126 deaths.〔 The disease is most common in Africa. Plague is believed to be the cause of the Black Death that swept through Asia, Europe, and Africa in the 14th century and killed an estimated 50 million people.〔 This was about 25% to 60% of the European population.〔〔 Because the plague killed so many of the working population, wages rose due to the demand for labor. Some historians see this as a turning point in European economic development.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Plague History )〕 The term ''bubonic plague'' is derived from the Greek word βουβών, meaning "groin". ==Signs and symptoms== The best-known symptom of bubonic plague is one or more infected, enlarged, and painful lymph nodes, known as buboes. After being transmitted via the bite of an infected flea, the ''Y. pestis'' bacteria become localized in an inflamed lymph node where they begin to colonize and reproduce. Buboes associated with the bubonic plague are commonly found in the armpits, upper femoral, groin and neck region. Acral gangrene (i.e., of the fingers, toes, lips and nose) is another common symptom. Because of its bite-based mode of transmission, the bubonic plague is often the first of a progressive series of illnesses. Bubonic plague symptoms appear suddenly a few days after exposure to the bacterium. Symptoms include: *Chills *General ill feeling (malaise) *High fever (39 °C; 102 °F) *Muscle cramps *Seizures *Smooth, painful lymph gland swelling called a bubo, commonly found in the groin, but may occur in the armpits or neck, most often near the site of the initial infection (bite or scratch) *Pain may occur in the area before the swelling appears *Gangrene of the extremities such as toes, fingers, lips and tip of the nose. Other symptoms include heavy breathing, continuous vomiting of blood (hematemesis), aching limbs, coughing, and extreme pain caused by the decay or decomposition of the skin while the person is still alive. Additional symptoms include extreme fatigue, gastrointestinal problems, lenticulae (black dots scattered throughout the body), delirium, and coma. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bubonic plague」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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